The construction industry is becoming increasingly aware of the need to adopt a holistic approach to the design building and disposal of structures. With 60 per cent of the total construction budget in most developed countries being spent on repair and maintenance there is an obvious need to design for reliability and durability with more carefully planned maintenance and repair schedules. One important facet is to look at how costs are distributed and spent during the lifetime of a structure: an approach known as life cycle costing which has the ultimate aim of minimising total lifetime expenditure. As an example choosing an inexpensive coating for steelwork may require maintenance every three years whereas a coating which is more expensive may require repairing only once per decade. It is a question of balance - taking the lifetime costs of the structure into consideration. This new book provides an insight into how whole life costing is affecting our approach to designing building maintaining and disposing of structures. The book is written for consulting engineers in the fields of civil and structural engineering building designers architects quantity surveyors refurbishing specialists as well as practising civil and structural engineers engaged in planning design construction repair and refurbishment of structures. | Life Cycle Costing for Construction
The construction industry is becoming increasingly aware of the need to adopt a holistic approach to the design building and disposal of structures. With 60 per cent of the total construction budget in most developed countries being spent on repair and maintenance there is an obvious need to design for reliability and durability with more carefully planned maintenance and repair schedules. One important facet is to look at how costs are distributed and spent during the lifetime of a structure: an approach known as life cycle costing which has the ultimate aim of minimising total lifetime expenditure. As an example choosing an inexpensive coating for steelwork may require maintenance every three years whereas a coating which is more expensive may require repairing only once per decade. It is a question of balance - taking the lifetime costs of the structure into consideration. This new book provides an insight into how whole life costing is affecting our approach to designing building maintaining and disposing of structures. The book is written for consulting engineers in the fields of civil and structural engineering building designers architects quantity surveyors refurbishing specialists as well as practising civil and structural engineers engaged in planning design construction repair and refurbishment of structures. | Life Cycle Costing for Construction
Sellers offer a range of delivery options, so you can choose the one that’s most convenient for you. Many sellers offer free delivery. You can always find the postage cost and estimated delivery date in a seller’s listing. You'll then be able to see a full list of delivery options during checkout. These can include: Express delivery, Standard delivery, Economy delivery, Click & Collect, Free local collection from seller.
Your options for returning an item vary depending on what you want to return, why you want to return it, and the seller's return policy. If the item is damaged or doesn't match the listing description, you can return it even if the seller's returns policy says they don't accept returns. If you've changed your mind and no longer want an item, you can still request a return, but the seller doesn't have to accept it. If the buyer changes their mind about a purchase and wants to return an item, they may need to pay return postage costs, depending on the seller's return policy. Sellers can provide a return postage address and additional return postage information for the buyer. Sellers pay for return postage if there's a problem with the item. For example, if the item doesn't match the listing description, is damaged or defective or is counterfeit. By law, customers in the European Union also have the right to cancel the purchase of an item within 14 days beginning from the day you receive, or a third party indicated by you (other than the carrier) receives, the last good ordered by you (if delivered separately). This applies to all products except for digital items (e.g. Digital Music) that are provided immediately to you with your acknowledgement, and other items such as video, DVD, audio, video games, Sex and Sensuality products and software products where the item has been unsealed.
Sellers have to offer a refund for certain items only if they are faulty, such as: Personalised items and custom-made items, Perishable items, Newspapers and magazines, Unwrapped CDs DVDs and computer software. If you used your PayPal balance or bank account to fund the original payment, the refunded money will go back to your PayPal account balance. If you used a credit or debit card to fund the original payment, the refunded money will go back to your card. The seller will effect the refund within three working days but it may take up to 30 days for Paypal to process the transfer. For payments funded partially by a card and partially by your balance/bank, the money taken from your card will go back to your card and the remainder will return to your PayPal balance.